IoT-Based Load Management System - An Effective Measure to Save Energy

Abstract

With the increasing demand for electrical power, preventing overload conditions is critical to ensuring safety and efficiency. This paper presents an IoT-based mains power cut system that monitors power consumption using an ACS712- 30A current sensor and automatically disconnects loads when a predefined threshold (135W) is exceeded. The system employs an ESP32 microcontroller, a 4-channel relay, and a WebSocket server for real-time control and monitoring. Users can manu- ally or automatically manage loads through a web-based user interface, integrated with ThingSpeak for data visualization. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in preventing overload situations.rms: IoT, Power Monitoring, Overload Protection, ACS712, ESP32, WebSocket, ThingSpeak.

Introduction

Effective power consumption monitoring is essential to prevent equipment failure, safety hazards, and energy inefficiencies. Traditional circuit breakers lack real-time monitoring and automation. The paper proposes an IoT-based system that provides real-time monitoring, automated load control, and overload prevention.

System Components:

• ACS712 Current Sensor: Measures real-time current.

• ESP32 Microcontroller: Processes data and controls relays.

• 4-Channel Relay Module: Disconnects loads exceeding thresholds.

• WebSocket Server & ThingSpeak API: Enable real-time monitoring, logging, and visualization.

• Electrical Loads: Monitors multiple loads such as LED bulbs, fans, and incandescent bulbs.

Methodology:

1. Current is measured continuously.

2. Power is calculated using P=V×I×PFP = V \times I \times PFP=V×I×PF.

3. Power is compared to a threshold of 135W.

4. Exceeding loads are disconnected automatically or alerts are sent in manual mode.

5. Real-time data is transmitted and displayed on a web interface; historical data is logged on ThingSpeak.

Results:

• The system successfully identifies overloads and disconnects the highest-consuming load automatically.

• Testing with different load combinations confirmed accurate power measurement and effective automation.

• Example: Total consumption of 142W triggered automatic disconnection to maintain the threshold of 135W.

Conclusion

This paper presented an IoT-based mains power cut system that ensures overload protection through real-time monitoring and automation. The proposed system provides an efficient and user-friendly approach to managing power loads, reducing risks associated with excessive consumption. Future work will involve extending the system with machine learning for predictive analysis, improving energy efficiency through dy- namic load adjustments, and integrating adaptive thresholding mechanisms to enhance performance . In the future, the system can be enhanced with Implementing machine learning algorithms for predictive maintenance. Moreover, Integrating renewable energy sources for enhanced energy efficiency and lastly, developing a mobile application for better user interaction and remote access.

References

[1] H. Khandel et al., ”IoT Based Power Consumption Monitoring and Controlling System,” BIT, Durg, C.G, India, 2023. [2] M. U. Saleem et al., ”Design, Implementation, and Deployment of an IoT-Based Smart Energy Management System,” IEEE, 2021. [3] “ Iot Based Automatic Electricity Cut- Off” Prof. Ruhi Uzma1 , Amber Qureshi2 , Shruti Chichkhede3 , Muneer Ansari4 , Firoj Shaikh5 , Umesh Dakhore6 Electrical Department Anjuman College Of Engineer- ing And Technology Sadar Nagpur Maharashtra.(2019). [4] Maninder Kaur and Dr. Sheetal Kalra, 2016, A Review on IOT Based Smart Grid, International Journal of Energy, Information and Communi- cations Vol.7, Issue 3, pp.11-22. [5] Ke, C.; Chenxi, Q.; Tingtao, Z. Xiaoguang, H. Research of automatic meter reading system based on broadband carrier in the power line In- dustrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA), 2011 6th IEEE Conference on, 2011. [6] S. Arun; Dr, Sidappa Naidu, “Design and Implemention of Automatic Meter Reading System Using GSM ZIGBEE through GPRS” in interna- tional journal of advance research in computer science engineering,2012. [7] Widen J., et al., “Construction load profiles for household electricity and hot water from time-use data: Modelling approach and validation,” Energy and Buildings, vol. 41, pp. 753-768, 2009. [8] Tan, H., Lee, C. Mok, V.; Automatic power meter reading system using GSM network Power Engineering Conference, 2007. IPEC 2007. International, 2007. [9] A. Kumar, B. Singh, and C. Verma, ”Smart Power Monitoring Systems: An IoT-Based Approach,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 67, no. 5, pp. 1234-1242, 2023. [10] World electricity distribution losses, International Energy Annual 2006, U.S. Energy Information Administration, [Online].Available: http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tables5. xls [11] B.Saikiran, R.Hariharan, 2014, Review of methods of power theft in Power System, International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research (IJSER), Volume 5, Issue 11, 276 ISSN 2229-5518. [12] Primicanta, A.; Nayan, M. Awan, M. Hybrid Automatic Meter Reading System Computer Technology and Development, 2009. ICCTD ’09.International Conference on, 2009. [13] Norozina, A.; ICT in Service Delivery in TNB, Institute Tadbiran Awam Negara - Public Sector ICT Management Review: ICT in Service Delivery, 2008. [14] Koay, B.; Cheah, S.; Sng, Y.; Chong, P.; Shum, P.; Tong, Y.; Wang, X.; Zuo, Y. Kuek, H. Design and implementation of Bluetooth energy meter Information, Communications and Signal Processing, 2003 and the Fourth Pacific Rim Conference on Multimedia. Proceedings of the 2003 Joint Conference of the Fourth International Conference on, 2003. [15] Wide´n J. and Munkhammar J., “Evaluating the benefits of a solar home energy management system: impacts on photovoltaic power production value and grid interaction,” Proceedings of ECEEE summer study, 2013.

Copyright

Copyright © 2026 Jyotishmoy Hazarika, Chandana Dev. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.